It’s nice to be back in Michigan, but there are a number of odds and ends from the Atlantic seashore that still deserve attention.  When that attention is directed at starfish and slipper shells the subject quickly drifts over to the odd.  All that you take for granted in the natural world is basically rent asunder when these creatures are considered.

With 1,000 feet you would think

Starfishes would be faster.

But with all those feet on just five legs

Speed’s just too hard to master.

  At low tide, the seaweed covered rocks lining the Cape Cod Canal were full of starfish. These five armed echinoderms are so familiar to us that they defy any need for an introduction. I was able to grab a few for a closer top view (see above) and a look at the flip side (see here). The diming light made it difficult to see much more, so I took one back to my campsite within an impromptu aquarium (Yes, this is a McDonald’s coffee cup).

  This species is called the Northern Starfish – Asterias vulgaris – a technical name which literally means “Common Star.” Equipped as they are with five legs and no head, any given arm can serve as a head as long as the creature is moving in the direction that appendage happens to be pointing. There are light sensitive eye spots at the end of each leg so that the star can detect an obstacle before it bangs into it.  Of course starfish can’t travel at unsafe speeds because they move by means of their tiny feet rather than their legs. Getting all those feet to march in a coordinated manner is difficult. But since Starfish feed on clams and mussels, beasts that ain’t exactly speed demons themselves, glacial serves in place of gallop.

  A close look at the underside of a submerged starfish reveals hundreds of these tiny tube feet (see here). They operate by means of a pressurized water system. If you’ve ever filled a surgical glove with water you’ve noticed how you can manipulate the fingers by squeezing the contents. This is basically how these tube feet work. Take a look at the picture above and you will notice a bright red freckle on the creatures topside which functions as the intake valve for this water vascular system.

  Although I won’t get into it here, Starfish feed by everting their stomach out through their mouth (if you can call it that) to digest their meal externally. Oh, and by the way, they have the choice to reproduce sexually or asexually depending on the mood.

Slipper Shells are boys when young

With names like Ted or Bill.

As older each they do become,

They change their names to Jill.

  As odd as starfish reproductive biology is, Atlantic Slipper Shells do them one better. Named for the slipper-like look of the empty shell, these seashells are familiar beachcombing fare on the bay side of the Cape. They attach themselves to any hard surface and are often found attached to whelks and horseshoe crabs and always to each other. Large “family” clusters of slipper shells can contain a dozen or more individuals (see how many you can count here or here).

 The amazing, if not slightly unnatural, thing about their lifestyle is that all the smaller shells are male.  The large bottom shell of each stack belongs to a female. All slipper shells are born male and they undergo a sex change as soon as another male clamps onto them. It takes about 60 days for a he to become a she. If the main female dies, the next one up the stack will then undergo the gender switch and on ad infinitum.

  This type of lifestyle is called “sequential hermaphrodism” in the dry terminology of the text books. The scientific name spells it out in a bit spicier manner, however. Crepidula fornicata means basically what you think it does (to fornicate means having “relations” outside of marriage). They mate with others in their stack and never have to “pop the question.”

  Slipper shells spend their entire life in one spot, so who can blame them. Once they attach to a surface they remain there until the day they die. About the only unanswered question in their life is what name they will have when they enter the afterlife.

NOTE: This is the fifth entry in a series of entries sent from the road. I guess you could call this my “Wandering Naturalist Series.”  My punctuality will depend completely on internet access along the way and the amount of daylight.  I have no doubt that nature will provide ample material

Though the morning itself was peaceful enough, the long sandy beach at Scusset, MA was a beehive of activity. Shorebirds and gulls of all make and size were frantically feeding on the sea gifts that arrived with each coating of frothy surf. The tide was just coming in after its long nightly retreat out into Massachusetts Bay. Black and white Sanderlings, the smallest and most active of the bunch, were keeping just ahead of the wave lines. They probed the wet sand with their black bills in a continuous effort to pull small crustaceans from the surf zone.  A dozen Knots mimicked the movements of their smaller cousins but did so in a slower and distinctly more refined manner (befitting their larger size).

  Gulls dominated the beachfront. A pair of small Laughing Gulls surveyed the scene from higher on the beach with apparent disinterest. They were garbed in their dull winter colors and were not in a laughing mode this morning. Huge Black-backed Gulls lorded over every form of fowl, but the Herring Gulls outnumbered the lot. Without the need of a thousand words to describe it, you can watch a bit of the action here (Scusset Beach Scene).

  With all this going on, you wouldn’t think that the lowly Herring Gulls would be the thing to capture my attention. After all, these birds are equally as common along our Great Lakes shorelines as they are along the wide ocean beaches, so their appeal would seem even more diminished given their exotic company. They were exhibiting an interesting behavior that I’ve never seen before, however.  Perhaps you caught it at the end of the previous scene.  Did you see one of them engage in a bit of fancy footwork just before the sequence ended?

  Herrings (like the one pictured above) are easily distinguished by their pink feet and the red spot found on their lower mandible, so you should be able to spot them in the video.  This time of year the mature birds are heavily speckled and the immature birds are quite dark and mottled.  Every time the surf broke and began its backward slide, the Herring Gulls would begin to rapidly pump their feet as if running in place. Take a better look here and tell me what comes to your mind (Dancing Gull).

  Unfortunately, the only thing that came to my mind when viewing this was the dance style that typified that miserable early ‘80’s movie Flashdance. The part that popped into my head was the “Maniac” sound track: “she’s a maniac, maniac on the floor and she’s dancing like she’s never danced before.” More contemporary thinkers might have visions of Riverdance, but either way the step is eye catching.

  While you could say that Jennifer Beal and Michael Flatterly (or what ever his name is) are dancing for their food, the gulls were literally dancing on their food.  By pumping their feet, the gulls could liquiefy the sand in order to dislodge their prey – in this case I believe the intended quarry were sand crabs. Tiny crustaceans that filter organisms from the water, sand crabs only expose themselves briefly as the waves rush past. By locating the spot and churning up the sand around it, the gulls are able to flush out the buried crabs and eat them for breakfast. You’ll notice that something pops out from under Jennifer’s …er, I mean… the gulls feet and is hastily snatched up by the performer.

  Neither of the previously mentioned movie/dance titles fits this gull behavior since it is not flashy nor is it performed on a river.  This is an ancient step delivered to the beat of the rolling surf. Let’s call it Surfdance and see if it catches on.

NOTE: This is the fourth entry of what I hope will be a series of entries sent from the road. I guess you could call this my “Wandering Naturalist Series.”  My punctuality will depend completely on internet access along the way and the amount of daylight.  I have no doubt that nature will provide ample material

When Augusta Penniman accompanied her husband Edward on a whaling expedition in 1864, she recorded her experiences in a journal. Their journey set out from New Bedford, Massachusetts and brought them half way around the globe to the Arctic and the Hawaiian Isles. In her journal, she makes regular mention of the commercial end of the whaling business and keeps an on going tally of the kill along with everyday concerns. Each whale capture is marked by a stamped image of a baleen whale (such as this wooden stamp) along with the amount of whale oil rendered from it (see this page entry from 1865).  Her existing journal, available for viewing at the Cape Cop National Seashore Museum, is a fascinating record of a long lost way of life.

  My modern day whaling journey, which set out from Hyannis 144 years later, bore some small resemblance to Mrs. Penniman’s trip. My wife and I set out to get some whales aboard a commercial whaling vessel and I journaled my entries as a record of the event. Our trip was to last only four hours, however, as opposed the four year trip by the Pennimans. Our capture implement was to be the camera rather than the harpoon and our ship was powered by four huge Detroit Diesels instead of canvas sails. We, along with a 150 of our closest friends, ventured out to the shoal area just off the N.E. tip of the Cape as part of one of the many whale watch excursions that operates out of these parts. Based on the ticket prices, it’s safe to say that modern day whaling is still a lucrative commercial venture.

  Fortunately, we did encounter several whales and I’d like to record their presence in the following electronic journal. In all, we sighted about a half dozen individual Humpback Whales and were able to observe four of them closely. Rather than go into detail about each whale and how it was sighted, I offer a few photos and commentary.

  The first sign of activity was the sight of a flipper. It was held high into the air and repeatedly slapped down onto the surface with a sound like that of a large wave striking a seawall (see here). It is believed by some that this is a means of communication, but the experts are just as willing to admit this could be some sort of play as well. This barnacled appendage belonged to an immature individual that was lollygagging about and performing an occasional belly roll. During these occasions you could clearly see the deep pleats, or folds, which allow the throat and belly to expand when gulping fish and krill (see here).

  Beyond the “flipper flapper” a small pod of three Humpbacks, which included a calf and its mother, surfaced at all locations around the ship.  The best view of any individual was an extended glimpse of the humped back with its small dorsal fin (see here).  When they dove, the tail flukes lifted high above the water and exposed distinctive white patterns (see above). Powerful thrusts from the flukes churned up smooth plates of water that marked the animal’s passing (see here). Appropriately enough, these are called “whale tracks.”

  Whales are air breathing mammals so they need to hold their breath for an extended time when diving.  Upon returning to the surface the first task is to blow out the old air and take in some fresh stuff – this is the “blow” which follows “there she”. You’ll note in this shot (here) of a spouting whale that this species has two openings at the blowhole atop the head.  Although the positioning might seem odd to a land dweller such as ourselves, these holes are really nostrils that have migrated over time to a location above the eyes. The forcible stream of moist air is propelled at nearly 300 miles per hour and vaporizes immediately into a cloud.

  One of the last spouts of the day (ours, not hers) was let loose right next to the ship and the mist drifted over the onlookers (look here). The sensation was a refreshing blast of whale breath – smelling of the sea and shrimp.

  More than 1,900 individual humpbacks have been identified and catalogued over the past thirty years. Based on tail patterns and dorsal fin shapes, these individuals are given names such as Zeppelin, Mephisto, Aye-aye, and even Michigan (Michigan was born in 2003 and her mother was Dapple, by the way).  By keeping record, new calves and family associations can be tracked over time (see here a page from that catalogue).  Canopy (born 1998), Pele (first sighted 1997), and Milkweed (born 2000) where three of the whales that visited us on this particular day.

  We were among whales for the better part of an hour before heading back to harbor. The additional sighting of a Basking Shark added some excitement to the journey (Basking Shark). As one of the largest fish in the world, this was a treat – even if the experience only consisted of a fin, a tail tip, and the unconscious mental recall of “Jaws” music.

  On the way back we asked the naturalist aboard -the fellow who was doing the onboard narration – how many times they have been “skunked” by not seeing any whales at all.  He said they’ve been whaleless “only about five times” in his memory. The trip previous to this one was nearly skunked, but managed a small pod of whales near the end.  Of course, the good news here is that whales are still around to be seen in spite of the best efforts of Edward Penniman and his sort.

  I leave you with a short movie clip (Humpback Trio) that sums up the experience without the need of any further words. Being in the company of giants is an experience quite unlike anything else.

NOTE: This is the third entry of what I hope will be a series of entries sent from the road. I guess you could call this my “Wandering Naturalist Series.”  My punctuality will depend completely on internet access along the way and the amount of daylight.  I have no doubt that nature will provide ample material

The sun sets early here on the east coast. When clouds and rain cover the autumn sun, evening darkness arrives around 5:00 or so. By the time I wandered out onto the tidal flat just outside of Chatham, Massachusetts the premature twilight had already arrived. Observation time was short and the low tide was turning.

  An even litter of shells covered the muddy surface – ranging from freshly caught and fractured Quahogs, to spectacle case shaped razor clams, small whelks, bay scallops, and plenty of oysters. Although most of these mollusks were dead, a few of the scallops were whole and very much alive.  One small scallop was gaped open as if it were dead but it reacted immediately upon my touch by pulling its lids shut with firm determination.

  A tiny Semipalmated Plover (see here) shared this little piece of Cape Cod with me. He was also beach combing and stopped to probe the mud for invertebrates every now and then.  Following his lead, I stooped down to do the same.  I shifted a rectangular rock in the process and was greeted by a jet of water across my shoe. The jet came from just under one corner of the stone. Another deliberate hand tap on the rock surface produced the same result. Multiple taps created multiple little geysers and some small entertainment was to be had in the dim light. Apparently, the siphons of a clam protruded out from the mud at this spot. The animal below was reacting to the vibrations with a nervous shot of water. By the time you actually saw the liquid reaction it was too late to photograph it. I was finally able to capture an image of one of the arching streams by performing a “knee jerk” trigger shot – in other words by pressing the shutter just as I tapped the rock (see here). 

  The next step was to see if I could capture the “squirter” itself. Marine clams bury themselves quite deep and send up a pair of very long siphon tubes that pump in nutrient rich water and pump out the filtered water. Our native Michigan clams and mussels have much shorter siphons and can only partially bury themselves.  I pulled back the rock and dug furiously for a few moments, but the thick marl offered a lot of resistance. It became obvious that I was engaging in a lost cause (the semipalmated plover chuckled a bit at my antics).

  Although the entertaining clam was not to be had, a few other under-the-rock residents revealed themselves in the digging fuss. Two small Rock Crabs (see one here) and a tiny fish – no bigger than a minute and not much more than 32 seconds worth -that looked something like a sculpin (see here) were present and accounted for.  Both of them looked slightly steameded that I had disturbed their tidal shelter.

  It was with malice toward none that we dined on steamed clams and crab cakes that night at a local eatery. I have to admit, I spent an inordinate amount of time admiring the siphons on the very dead steamer clams that sat peacefully on the dinner plate before me.

NOTE: This is the second entry of what I hope will be a series of entries sent from the road. I guess you could call this my “Wandering Naturalist Series.”  My punctuality will depend completely on internet access along the way and the amount of daylight.  I have no doubt that nature will provide ample material.

Our arrival on that sandy spit of land called Cape Cod coincided perfectly with the arrival of Tropical Storm Kyle.  I guess you’d call this one a sow-wester in local lingo. Sporadic heavy rains and high winds have rendered this shoreline wilder than usual, but the long beaches were accessible between bouts of “weather”. On one of my brief ventures out onto the open sand to do some beachcombing, I encountered a whole bunch of rockweed, a forlorn looking immature Herring Gull (see here), and a single Quahog.  Although the rockweed and gull were interesting enough, it was the Quahog shell that caught my fancy.

  First of all, in this land of wonderful names such as Mashpee, Wellfleet, Barnstable, and Wampanoag, the very name of Quahog fits in nicely with the terrain. They are also variably known as cherrystones, little rocks, and chowders but ‘round these parts the common name is usually pronounced plainly as “Ko-hog.” Clammers, rakes and mesh bags in tow, wander out onto the tidal flats to collect them during low tides. The Quahogs are steamed and eaten whole or chopped up to include in clam chowder (thus the reason behind one of the common names).This large clam is a common offshore resident and the dead shells frequently wash up or are used to pave parking lots. The most distinctive identifying feature of the inedible portion of this marine clam is the rich purple inner edge of the shell. 

  Natives, such as the Wampanoag, have long collected these clams to eat. To this day there are ancient piles of shells weathering out of the sands of the Cape that date back to prehistoric times. Their shells were equally as valuable for making wampum, however. These beads were cut from the purple mother-of-pearl portion.  White beads were also rendered, but the colored ones have always been the most valuable due to the small amount of available purple real estate on each shell. 

   Again, I find myself making a direct connection back to the Great Lakes region with this find. It seems the further away I get, the closer I get to home. Wampum beads, made from Quahog shells, were extensively used to construct the Wampum belts once used by regional tribes to record treaties and other great events.

  The Wyandot who settled in the Detroit River region in the early 1700’s, maintained a large number of wampum belts as records of their history. Many other tribes did the same. They obtained the treasured beads used in their construction through trade networks with the eastern nations (this was long before EBay).

  I have seen several purple wampum beads that were recently uncovered at the former site of the 18^th/19^th century Wyandot village of Brownstown at the mouth of the Detroit River. Quahogs are exclusive to the northeast coast, so I know those Michigan beads originally came from shells collected around this distant place.

  Can you see how simple it is to take something as simple as a pretty beach shell and turn it into a lynchpin of history?  It was, after all, just a Quahog cast up on a lonely beach until we stopped to listen to it.

  NOTE: This is the first entry of what I hope will be a series of entries sent from the road. I guess you could call this my “Wandering Naturalist Series.”  My punctuality will depend completely on internet access along the way and the amount of daylight.  I have no doubt that nature will provide ample material.

 My journey towards the East coast will eventually take my wife & me to Cape Cod.  On vacation, which for a naturalist is always a busman’s holiday, I find myself comparing things I know back home to things I encounter on the road. I am presently writing this from the mountains of western New York at a place called Kanakadea.  Here in the ancestral land of the Seneca, the heavily forested hills are well clothed in autumn colors.

  The state of autumn here is probably advanced due to the high elevation, since the latitude is not that different from lower Michigan where the leaves are just now hinting at things to come. Dark green Hemlocks and White Pines contrast with the crimson glow of Red Maples and golden Sugar maples.  I look forward to both of these species back home, but I am seeing a third color that reminds of something that is now missing – the purples of the ash trees. 

  Emerald Ash borers have killed off nearly every single ash in S.E. Michigan and are spreading like wildfire from the Detroit epicenter. It has been several years since the initial kill, and we have grown painfully used to this absence. Upon entering an area of the country yet untouched by this plague, I am hit by something I didn’t realize that I was missing. Ashes are one of the few trees that tend to turn a deep purple in the fall.  Many will stick with a golden yellow, but enough of them allow their anthocyanins to bake in the autumn sun and turn into shades of deep maroon and true purple. Red-panicled dogwoods are purple leaved plants also and they have been doing a noble job of filling in the gap these past few years, but they are short and rounded. They can never hope to reach up into the canopy and show their purple heads like the ashes.

  The incredible vistas afforded by sweeping valley and hillside views have given me a nostalgic glimpse into a recent past. Take a look at the sapling picture above and you’ll see just what an ash can do if given half the chance (you can see that they definitely don’t do things half ash either).  I’m hoping that someday, after the emerald scourge has past, that purple autumns will once again rise from the ashes.

When driving along autumn back roads it is wise to keep your eye on the road.  It is necessary to stay on the right side and watch for on coming traffic, of course, but it is also fun to see what is crossing the pavement ahead.  Caterpillars are frequently encountered as jay walkers this time of year and they are, believe it or not, easy to spot. The fuzzy caterpillars of the Tiger Moth family are capable of a pretty good 50 yard dash over the centerline. One such speedster is the larvae of the Giant Leopard Moth.

  These larvae feed on common roadside weeds such as plantain & dandelion, so are present at the roadside for much of the summer. Prompted by the diminishing daylight, their tiny lives take on sense of urgency. Not only do they eat more, in order to gain some bulk, but they become wanderers seeking potential hibernation sites.  This, by the way, is the answer to the question “why did the Leopard moth cross the road.”  They cross our paths in the process of performing what can only be called mini-migrations.

  The Leopard Moth is a sizable beast as a caterpillar and as an adult. The adult (see here) is a real beauty – endowed with striking black circles against a white background. With a three inch wingspan and such a distinctive spot pattern, it earns the title. At the moment, however, this species is still in the larvae stage. The spiny caterpillars are fully furred and relatively un-distinguished except by the bright scarlet skin which is visible between the segments (see above).

  When disturbed, such as the example above which was freshly plucked from the pavement, tiger moth caterpillars roll up into a defensive ball.  By presenting a prickly mass of spikes to a potential predator, the beast looks to be quite inedible. 

  This tactic is only put into play for a short time – as an immediate reaction. If over handled, or set down, the larva soon hangs the defense and goes for the running game. All 16 feet are put into play and the creature launches into a dead run.  If the thought of a running caterpillar is funny, wait until you actually see one in action.

  I was able to film this guy at the moment he started his dead heat.  Take a look here (Vroom vroom), and you’ll see that he starts off as a spine ball, quickly unfurls, and then begins his flight. Oddly enough this fellow did a few ground pawing moves with his back eight legs as if to show off for the camera.  The only appropriate subtitle for this shot is “vroom vroom.”

  All of this rushing will soon come to an end as the days get colder. The Leopard moth caterpillar will “den” up under a log or deep in the leaf litter and wait out the winter. Spring will find him back into the running game, but only for a short while. He will then spin a cocoon, pupate, and emerge as a full fledged cat – changing his stripes along the way.

   Today is the first official day of autumn, so I celebrated by trying something new- elderberry jam.  My ability to do this was made possible by some old friends who gave me some of their freshly made product. We were talking elderberry abut a month ago and I asked them what they were planning to make. Although I expected them to say wine or pie, jam was their ultimate answer.  Before I could stop myself, I almost demanded that they give me some since I had never tried it before.  I then back peddled a bit, out of pure courtesy to my elders, and soft-peddled the demand into a “boy, I’d sure like to try some of that.”  Being good folk, they instantly promised to deliver a sample just as soon as it was done.

    My delivery arrived a few days ago and I put it to work on some buttered toast this morning. The photo above is a bit misleading. I don’t normally dine using fine china, Rogers Brothers knives, placemats, or artistically placed leaves.  I, in fact don’t normally “dine” on breakfast or even “eat” it, period. I just felt this occasion called for a bit more flair than usual.    The jam was terrific (here, take a taste – oops, I’m sorry you can’t do that can you).  I can tell you that it was mildly sweet with a nice tart aftertaste. The taste was uniquely elderberry and unlike any other berry concoction.

  Elderberry is one of those old-fashioned fruits that have fallen out of human favor.  They once were the staple of every autumn table.  Part of this dis-favoring has to do with the amount of work required to harvest the berries and the fact that the plant can be toxic.  It would seem that these are legitimate concerns, but not really.

  The plants themselves, called Marsh Elderberry, are common low growing shrubs. They rarely top 10 feet in height and favor the moist soils around wetlands.  The leaves are pinnately compound, which is a botanically elite way to say that the leaves are made up of  two to four pairs of leaflets arranged along a central stem. True to its shrubby nature, it sends up multiple pithy stems and presents a low rounded profile.  These stems, because they have soft spongy cores, are easily hollowed out.  In years past, they were converted into dandy little pea shooters and maple syrup spiles but because the plants contain calcium oxylate crystals and light doses of cyanide such uses aren’t recommended today. As far as I know, no one has ever dropped dead from the effects of elderberry poisoning, but a few have gotten a wee bit sickly because of it.

    Our American Marsh Elderberry happen to be very closely related to the European Elderberry which is responsible for an interesting legend. It was believed that sleeping under an elderberry will result in a state of intoxication and that Fairies and elves are said to enter into our world from under the cover of elderberries.  Knowing that people tend to see things such as pink elephants when intoxicated, it is little wonder that a few elderberry wine drinkers might have claimed visions of little people with wings and pointy hats.

  The only safe thing left to do with the elderberry is to eat the berries. Yes, they too are full of noxious chemicals when green, but upon ripening become sapien friendly. Cooking them completely breaks down any remaining alkaloids and glycosides and converts them into pure goodness. 

  Elderberries flower in mid-summer. They produce multiple large flat topped clusters of tiny white flowerets. By early autumn, these clusters are ripe with thousands of tiny dark purple berries (see here). Each berry is only a few millimeters across but the sizable clusters droop under their combined weight. Collecting these clusters is easy enough, but separating out the berries requires use of a comb. It takes a lot of clusters and a lot of patience to gather up enough fruit to make anything out of them. 

  I didn’t ask what recipe my friends used to make their jam, fearing that if they told me they’d have to kill me.  According to the Ball Blue Book, however, you add 6 cups of sugar to 2 quarts of crushed berries and ¼ cup of vinegar. The whole mix is brought to a boil, stirred until it thickens, and then poured into the jars while still hot.

  If I happen to spot a few elves tonight, I will have to chalk it up to the magical effects of the autumn equinox and not the gifted jam.

 I have on my desk before me a small package of native goodness, but I’m not sure whether I want to open it or not.  It is the nut of an American Hazelnut – dried to perfection and literally falling out of its leafy husk – and I consider it a rare treat.  They are not very common around these parts anymore and it has been many years since I last found a nut of this species.

  I located a low growing shrub of an American Hazelnut earlier in the year and made a mental note to come back in the autumn to see if it produced any nuts. The plant had several male catkins on it, but no obvious female flowers (the ones that produce the nuts). To make a long story short, I came back and found that the shrub bore exactly two remaining nuts.  The fruit of this plant is highly desirable for wildlife and beating the local Red Squirrels, deer, and chipmunks to them is quite an accomplishment. I decided to photograph one and “harvest” the other one.  Now, because this native little nut is such a pretty little thing I can’t quite bring myself to cracking it open.

  Hazelnuts, also known as American Filberts, used to be a very common part of the forested undergrowth.  These are shade tolerant plants, but require a good dose of sunlight in order to complete their nutting efforts. They do best in the bright edge environs of our forests but such environs have been reduced and so the plants have been relegated to secret spots and reclusive habits.  There certainly is nothing distinctive about the leafy growth habit that would grab your attention (see here).

  The nut, however, is a work of art.  It is wrapped in between two ragged husks which, in the parlance of botany, are called bracts (see here). Eventually the bracts pull away from each other to reveal a large smooth acorn-like nut inside.  The appearance of our American Hazel matches that of the familiar European Hazelnuts which are a regular part of our Christmas nut mix. I’m pretty sure they crack open the same as the foreign variety and taste equally as good, but I hesitate. 

  No, I’m going to stare at this thing a bit longer. I’ve already sketched it from several angles and even popped the nut out of its restraints to take a look at it. It represents an American harvest tradition of old – a nutty idea to be sure, but that’s it in a nutshell.

  It was by chance that I met up with a very belligerent fellow on a recent blustery day.  It was a sizable bullfrog who was out of his element but well within his dignity.  I was out on the trail when I met up with a human couple walking their dog. Spotting my camera, they informed me that there was a big old bullfrog on the path ahead and that it was ready for a portrait.  Spotting their dog, I assumed that the frog would have been frightened away by the pet, but I thanked them anyway and walked on without expecting a frog encounter.

  As I rounded the bend, I was concentrating on things above and failed to notice the thing below and directly in front of me. The object on the trail surprised me – especially given the fact that it was standing high and on all four legs. Here was the before mentioned bullfrog right where it had been left. The creature had no desire to move and was doing what it could in order to look intimidating.

  Intimidation is normally not a word associated with frogs unless you refer to their being intimidated by nearly everything else on earth.  Frogs are built to jump and swim.  When on land, they jump about wildly in an effort to get back to the water where they can swim about wildly.  They are not cowards, but rather sensible amphibians that flee when the fleeing is good.

  This bullfrog would have no part of this flight tactic.  It rose itself up on all four legs until it was a good eight inches from the ground (alright, maybe it was only 6 inches). His hind legs being much longer, the frog’s hind end was lifted high into the air.  By inflating his body with air, he increased his girth as well. Overall, the final effect was unusual, if not intimidating, for a human observer.

  When I backed off, he backed down. When I re-approached, he re-rose. All of this was performed without a single trace of emotion in his marble-like eyes. They were fixed onto some distant point on the horizon. The whole thing was mechanical, as if I was stepping on a trigger each time I advanced.

  I attempted to make him move, but without success.  Usually a slight touch to the hind end will elicit a hop, but not in this case. He simple rose his hind end up to push away my finger.  I stomped on the ground, but he remained stationary and inflated a bit more.  A very light touch to the head caused him to lower his head at an extreme angle to the ground (see here). In my photo, it may look like I am pushing his head down, but this is not the case.

  It’s not often that you get to see this behavior, so I felt it was worth recording. This belligerent bullfrog provides a great opportunity for you to observe his large circular eardrums – the distinctive trait of the male of the species. You’ll also note the grainy moist surface of his skin and the lack of a fold along the upper body.  When touched, the frog often brought a clear shield over the eyes, called a nictitating membrane (look closer here). This shield covers the eyes like a pair of goggles when the frog goes underwater and is pulled back for above-water viewing. The only thing this frog would not allow me to see was the southern view of himself going north.

  I finally left him to his own bullish thoughts.  It was obvious that this was not the Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras or any other county.